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Inland Northern American English
Inland Northern (American) English,〔Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds) (2004). ''( A Handbook of Varieties of English ).'' Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. xvi.〕 also known in the United States as the Inland North or Great Lakes dialect,〔Garn-Nunn, Pamela G.; Lynn, James M. (2004). ''(Calvert's Descriptive Phonetics )''. Thieme, p. 136.〕 is an American English dialect spoken in a geographic band reaching approximately, east-to-west, from New York State's Mohawk Valley to eastern Iowa, including most of the cities along the Erie Canal and on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes region, and also including a geographic corridor that extends across a section of Illinois, ending around St. Louis, Missouri. The most advanced accents of Inland North English are spoken in the Northern U.S. cities of Chicago, Illinois; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; and Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse, New York.〔Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology." Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). ''( A Handbook of Varieties of English ).'' Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 297.〕
The Inland North geographic region was once the home of a standard American pronunciation in the early 20th century,〔("Talking the Tawk", ''The New Yorker'' )〕 largely thanks to the popular influence of local Ohioan phonetician John Kenyon, though the regional dialect has since altered away from General American speech, due to its now-defining, innovative, mid-20th century "Northern cities" vowel shift.〔Labov et al., p. 188.〕
== Distribution ==
The Inland North consists of western and central New York State (Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Binghamton, Jamestown, Olean); northern Ohio (Akron, Cleveland, Toledo); Michigan's Lower Peninsula (Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Lansing); northern Indiana (Gary, South Bend); northern Illinois (Chicago, Rockford); southeastern Wisconsin (Kenosha, Racine, Milwaukee); and, largely, northeastern Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley/Coal Region (Scranton, Wilkes-Barre). This is the dialect spoken in part of America's chief industrial region, an area sometimes known as the Rust Belt.
Erie, Pennsylvania was regarded as an Inland North city by researchers in the first half of the 20th century, but it never underwent the Northern Cities Shift and now shares more features with Western Pennsylvania English. Meanwhile, in suburban areas, the dialect may be less pronounced, for example, native-born speakers in Kane, McHenry, Lake, DuPage, and Will Counties in Illinois may sound slightly different from speakers from Cook County and particularly those who grew up in Chicago. Many African-Americans in Detroit and other Northern cities are multidialectal and also or exclusively use African American Vernacular English, but some do use the Inland North dialect, as do almost all people of non-African descent in and around the city of Detroit.
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